In the United States, a governor serves as the chief executive and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently inhabited territories, functioning as head of state and head of government therein. While like all officials in the United States, checks and balances are placed on the office of the governor, significant powers may include ceremonial head of state (representing the state), executive (overseeing the state's government), legislative (proposing, and signing or vetoing laws), judicial (granting state law pardons or commutations), and military (overseeing the militia and organized armed forces of the state).
All with the exception of five states and one territory (Arizona, Maine, New Hampshire, Oregon, Puerto Rico, and Wyoming) have a lieutenant governor. The lieutenant governor succeeds to the gubernatorial office (the powers and duties but not the office, in Massachusetts and West Virginia), if vacated by impeachment, death, or resignation of the previous governor. Lieutenant governors also serve as unofficial acting state governors in case the incumbent governors are unable to fulfill their duties, and they often serve as presiding officers of the upper houses of state legislatures. In such cases, they cannot participate in political debates, and they have no vote whenever these houses are not equally divided.
Role and powers
States are semi-sovereign republics sharing sovereignty with the federal government of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, holding elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution, grounded in republican principles, and government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Also, due to the shared
sovereignty between each state and the federal government,
Americans are citizens of both the
federal republic and of the state in which they reside.
The governor heads the government's executive branch in each state or territory and, depending on the individual jurisdiction, may have considerable control over government budgeting, the power of appointment of many officials (including many judges), and a considerable role in legislation. The governor may also have additional roles, such as that of commander-in-chief of the state's National Guard (when not federalized) and of that state's respective defense force (which is not subject to federalization). In many states and territories the governor also has partial or absolute power to commute or pardon a Criminal law sentence. All U.S. governors serve four-year terms except those in New Hampshire and Vermont, who serve two-year terms.
In all states, the governor is directly elected, and in most cases has considerable practical powers, though this may be moderated by the state legislature and in some cases by other elected executive officials. In the five extant U.S. territories, all governors are now directly elected as well, though in the past many territorial governors were historically appointed by the President of the United States. Governors can veto state bills, and in all but seven states they have the power of the line-item veto on appropriations bills (a power the President does not have). In some cases legislatures can override a gubernatorial veto by a two-thirds vote, in others by three-fifths.
In Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, the governor's veto can be overridden by a majority vote. In Arkansas, a gubernatorial veto may be overridden by an Supermajority. The governor of North Carolina had no veto power until a 1996 referendum. In 47 of the 50 states, whenever there is a vacancy of one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, that state's governor has the power to appoint someone to fill the vacancy until a By-election is held; the governors of Oregon, Alaska, and Wisconsin do not have this power.
A state governor may give an annual State of the State address in order to satisfy a constitutional stipulation that a governor must report annually (or in older constitutions described as being "from time to time") on the state or condition of the state. Governors of states may also perform ceremonial roles, such as greeting dignitaries, conferring state decorations, issuing symbolic proclamations or attending the state fair. The governor may also have an official residence (see Governor's Mansion).
In a ranking of the power of the governorship in all 50 states, University of North Carolina political scientist Thad Beyle makes the distinction between "personal powers" of governors, which are factors that vary from person to person, season to season – and the "institutional powers" that are set in place by law. Examples of measurable personal factors are how large a governor's margin of victory was on election day, and standing in public opinion polls. Whether a governor has strong budget controls, appointment authority, and Veto are examples of institutional powers.
History
In colonial North America, governors were chosen in a variety of ways, depending on how the colony was organized. In the
crown colony of Great Britain, France, and Spain, the governor was chosen by the ruling monarch of the colonizing power, or his designees; in British colonies, the Board of Trade was often the primary decision maker. Colonies based on a corporate charter, such as the Connecticut Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony, elected their own governors based on rules spelled out in the charter or other colonial legislation. In proprietary colonies, such as the Province of Carolina before it became a crown colony (and was divided into North and South), governors were chosen by the
Lord proprietor who controlled the colony. In the early years of the American Revolutionary War, eleven of the Thirteen Colonies evicted (with varying levels of violence) royal and proprietary governors. The other two colonies (
Connecticut and
Rhode Island) had corporate charters; Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull was governor before and during the war period, while in Rhode Island, Governor
Joseph Wanton was removed from office in 1775 for failing to support the rebel war effort.
Before achieving statehood, many of the 50 states were territories or parts of territories. Administered by the federal government, they had governors who were appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate rather than elected by the resident population. Election of territorial governors began in Puerto Rico in 1948. The last appointed territorial governor, Hyrum Rex Lee in American Samoa, left office in 1978.
Demographics
Party
[[File:United States Governors map with key.svg|thumb|Party affiliation of current United States Governors:
]]
As of January 2024, there are 27 states with a Republican governor and 23 states with a Democratic governor. Four Democrats (including the Mayor of the District of Columbia), one Independent, and one New Progressive also occupy territorial governorships or mayorships. No independent and other third parties currently hold a state governorship.
Tenure
[[File:United States gubernatorial term limits.svg|thumb|Governors' terms by state:
]]
For each term, governors serve four years in office. The exceptions are Vermont and New Hampshire where tenures are two years long.
The longest-serving current governor is Greg Abbott of Texas, who was re-elected to his third term in 2022 and seeking re-election to a fourth term in 2026.
The longest-serving governor of all time was Terry Branstad of Iowa, who was elected to his sixth (non-consecutive) term in 2014. Governor Branstad resigned on May 24, 2017, to become the United States Ambassador to China. He held the title of Governor of Iowa for 22 years. On December 14, 2015, he became the longest-serving governor in US history, breaking the record held by George Clinton of New York, who served 21 years from 1777 to 1795 and from 1801 to 1804.
In the majority of states and territories, term limit laws officially cap a governor's tenure.
Age
The oldest current state governor is
Kay Ivey of
Alabama, who was born on . The youngest current state governor is Sarah Huckabee Sanders of
Arkansas, who was born on . Among territorial governors, Lou Leon Guerrero of
Guam, born on , is the oldest, and Jenniffer González-Colón of
Puerto Rico, born on , is the youngest.
The youngest person to ever serve as a governor in the United States was Stevens T. Mason of the Michigan Territory, first elected in 1835 having just turned 24. Mason would later become the first governor of the state of Michigan when it was admitted to the Union in January 1837, when he was 25. Mason was re-elected in November 1837, then age 26.
The second youngest governor ever elected was Henry C. Warmoth of Louisiana, who was elected during reconstruction in 1868 at the age of 26. The third youngest governor was William Sprague IV of Rhode Island, who was elected in 1860 at the age of 29. When future President Bill Clinton was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1978 at age 32, he became the youngest governor since Harold Stassen of Minnesota, elected in 1938 at age 31.
In 35 states, the minimum age requirement of the governor is age 30 years old or older, though in some it is age 25 years old or older (7), age 21 years old or older (1), or age 18 years old or older (5). Oklahoma is the only state with an older minimum age requirement, age 31 years old or older. Some states require the governor to be a qualified elector/voter, implying a minimum age of 18. Vermont requires candidates to be residents of the state for at least four years as of Election Day, which would preclude small children from running, but has no other implicit or explicit age limit.
Gender
As of January 2025, there are 38 male state governors. The 12 female governors are:
Kay Ivey of
Alabama,
Katie Hobbs of
Arizona, Sarah Huckabee Sanders of
Arkansas,
Kim Reynolds of
Iowa,
Laura Kelly of
Kansas,
Janet Mills of
Maine,
Maura Healey of
Massachusetts,
Gretchen Whitmer of
Michigan,
Kelly Ayotte of
New Hampshire, Michelle Lujan Grisham of
New Mexico,
Kathy Hochul of New York, and
Tina Kotek of
Oregon. Of those, Ayotte, Huckabee Sanders, Ivey, and Reynolds are Republicans, while Healey, Hobbs, Hochul, Kelly, Kotek, Lujan Grisham, Mills, and Whitmer are Democrats.
4 territorial governors are male; one territorial governor and the mayor of Washington, D.C. are female.
43 women have served or are currently serving as state or territorial governors, including two in an acting capacity.
The first female governor was Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming (widow of the late Wyoming Governor William B. Ross) who was elected on November 4, 1924, and sworn in on January 5, 1925, succeeding Frank Lucas. Also elected on November 4, 1924, was Miriam A. Ferguson of Texas (wife of former Texas Governor James E. Ferguson), succeeding Pat Morris Neff on January 21, 1925. The first female governor elected without being the wife or widow of a past state governor was Ella Grasso of Connecticut, elected in 1974 and sworn in on January 8, 1975.
Connecticut, Arizona, and New Mexico are the only three states to have elected female governors from both major parties. New Hampshire has also had female governors from two parties, but Republican Vesta M. Roy served only in the acting capacity for a short time. Arizona was the first state where a woman followed another woman as governor (they were from different parties). Arizona also has had the most female governors with a total of five, and is the first state to have three women in a row serve as governor. Washington was the first state to have both a female governor and female U.S. Senators serving at the same time (Christine Gregoire; Patty Murray; Maria Cantwell, respectively), from 2005 to 2013. New Hampshire was the first and currently only state to have a female governor and entirely female Congressional delegation serving at the same time, from 2013 to 2015.
13 women have been serving as chief executive of their states since January 21, 2025, when Bethany Hall-Long left office as governor of Delaware. The previous record of 14 was set just days earlier following Kelly Ayotte's inauguration as Governor of New Hampshire on January 9, 2025.
LGBTQ status
There are currently three governors from the
LGBTQ community:
Jared Polis (Colorado), who is gay, and
Tina Kotek (Oregon) and
Maura Healey (Massachusetts) who are lesbians.
Race and ethnicity
Ethnic minorities as defined by the United States Census currently constitute 38.9% of the total population of the U.S. as of 2018.
There are currently 47 state governors who are non-Hispanic whites of European American background. There are 3 minority governors:
Wes Moore of
Maryland, who is black, Michelle Lujan Grisham of
New Mexico, who is of Hispanic descent; and
Kevin Stitt of
Oklahoma, who is a member of the
Cherokee Nation. Stitt is a Republican, while Grisham and Moore are Democrats.
Among the five U.S. territories, one Hispanic (Jenniffer González-Colón of Puerto Rico), one Black (Albert Bryan of the U.S. Virgin Islands), and three Pacific Islander Americans (Lou Leon Guerrero of Guam, Pula Nikolao Pula of American Samoa, and Arnold Palacios of the Northern Mariana Islands) currently serve as governor. African-American Muriel Bowser is the current Mayor of the District of Columbia, an office equivalent to a governor.
In 1990, Douglas Wilder of Virginia became the first African-American governor of any state since the Reconstruction era.
Birthplace
Sixteen of the current state governors were born outside the state they are serving: Mike Dunleavy of Alaska (born in Pennsylvania),
Ned Lamont of Connecticut (born in Washington, D.C.), Josh Green of Hawaii (born in New York), J. B. Pritzker of Illinois (born in California),
Laura Kelly of Kansas (born in New York),
Maura Healey of Massachusetts (born in Maryland),
Tim Walz of Minnesota (born in Nebraska),
Greg Gianforte of Montana (born in California),
Joe Lombardo of Nevada (born in Japan),
Phil Murphy of New Jersey (born in Massachusetts),
Kevin Stitt of Oklahoma (born in Florida),
Tina Kotek of Oregon (born in Pennsylvania),
Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania (born in Missouri), Mark Gordon of Wyoming (born in New York), and
Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia (born in New York City). One governor,
Joe Lombardo of Nevada, was born outside the United States (born in Sapporo, Japan).
State constitutions have varying requirements for the length of citizenship and residency of the governor but unlike the President, state governors do not need to be natural-born citizens. There is some ambiguity in some state constitutions if a governor must be a citizen or just a resident.
Physical disability
Two legally blind governors have served: Bob C. Riley, who was acting governor of Arkansas for 11 days in January 1975, and
David Paterson, who was governor of New York from 2008 until 2011.
The current governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, has been Paraplegia since an accident in 1984; he has used a wheelchair ever since. Governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt was paraplegic; he later became the first wheelchair-using president. Governor of Alabama George Wallace was paralyzed from the waist down after being shot in 1972. He never walked again.
Salary
The average salary of a state governor in 2009 was $124,398. The highest salary currently being accepted is that of New York Governor
Kathy Hochul at $225,000. The lowest salaries are those of Maine Governor
Janet Mills and
Pedro Pierluisi of Puerto Rico at $70,000 each.
There have been several instances where the governor of a state has either refused their salary in its entirety or instead only taken $1.00 per year. Alabama Governor Robert J. Bentley refused his yearly salary of $119,950.00 until the state reached full employment. Michigan Governor Rick Snyder took a $1.00 yearly salary. Texas Governor Greg Abbott has returned his salary to the state during each year he has held office. During his tenure as Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger also did not accept his salary of $170,000 per year. However, several governors instead have decided to take a reduction in their salary instead of refusing it entirely. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo took a 5% reduction in his salary in 2015, and Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear reduced his salary by 10% during the same year.
Only nine states (Massachusetts,
Gubernatorial election timeline
All states except for Louisiana hold gubernatorial elections on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November. The earliest possible date for the election is therefore November 2 (if that date falls on a Tuesday), and the latest possible date is November 8 (if November 1 falls on a Tuesday). Louisiana holds its gubernatorial primary on the third or fourth Saturday of October and the general election (commonly referred to as the runoff within the state) on the third Saturday of November, but the general election is canceled if one candidate wins the primary outright (see primary section below).
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2 states hold their gubernatorial elections every even-numbered year. Recent years are 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020 and 2022.
- New Hampshire and Vermont
The other 48 states hold gubernatorial elections every four years.
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34 states and 3 territories hold their gubernatorial elections during a midterm election year. Washington D.C. also holds its mayoral election during a midterm election year. Recent years are 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022.
- Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Washington, D.C.
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9 states and 2 territories hold their gubernatorial elections during a presidential election year (although Puerto Rico and American Samoa do not hold an election for president). Recent years are 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020.
- Delaware, Indiana, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico.
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3 states hold their gubernatorial elections the year before a presidential election year. Recent years are 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023.
- Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi
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2 states hold their gubernatorial elections the year after a presidential election year. Recent years are 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2021.
- New Jersey and Virginia
Gubernatorial primaries
All states except for California, Louisiana, and Washington hold primaries in which each political party holds a primary election, and the winner of the primary election moves on to compete in a general election. In California, Louisiana, and Washington, all the candidates run in a
blanket primary against each other. Regardless of political party, the top two candidates move on to the general election. In Louisiana, the general election occurs between the top two candidates if no candidate obtains more than 50% of the votes cast, and is canceled if one of the candidates receives more than 50%. In California and Washington, the top two vote getters proceed to the general election regardless of how many votes the top vote getter received in the primary, and California prohibits write-in candidates from competing in the general election.
Comparison with other U.S. general elections
Term limits
In most states, governors can serve two four-year terms.
Relationship with lieutenant governor
The type of relationship between the governor and the lieutenant governor greatly varies by state. In some states the governor and lieutenant governor are completely independent of each other, while in others the governor gets to choose (prior to the election) who would be their lieutenant governor.
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Five states do not have a lieutenant governor. In those states, a different constitutional officer assumes the office of the governor should there be a vacancy in the office. Those states are Arizona, Oregon, and, Wyoming where the Secretary of State is next in line, and Maine and New Hampshire, where the President of the Senate is next in line. This may exactly lead to the constitutional officers sometimes occasionally originating from the different political parties.
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Two states have the State Senate appoint the lieutenant governor, which may sometimes occasionally mean that the governor and the lieutenant governor may be from different parties. Those states are Tennessee and West Virginia.
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Seventeen states have the separate elections for the governor and the lieutenant governor, which may lead to the governor and the lieutenant governor being from very different political parties. Those states are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington.
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Eight states have the governor and the lieutenant governor run together on the same ticket, but the governor does not get to choose their own running mate. In those states, the primaries for governor and lieutenant governor are held separately, and the winners run together as a joint ticket in the general election. The governor and lieutenant governor would therefore be from the same party, but not necessarily political allies. Those states are Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
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Nineteen states have the governor and the lieutenant governor run together on the same ticket, where the gubernatorial candidate gets to choose their running mate similar to the President and Vice President of the United States. In nine of those states, Arizona, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, and Utah, the gubernatorial candidates pick their running mates before the primaries. In the other ten states, Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, South Carolina, and South Dakota, the running mate is chosen after the primary. The latter system allows the nominee to potentially select a defeated primary competitor.
Constitutional gubernatorial qualifications by state
With the notable exception of Kansas,
each of the states specifies in its constitution its qualifications for Governor.
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| Federal positions and any other state positions are precluded |
Alaska: Article III, Section 2 | 30||At least seven years prior to filing ||At least seven years prior to filing||Yes|||||Yes|"qualified voter of the State..."
"The governor shall not hold any other office or position of profit under the United States, the State, or its political subdivisions."
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| "May not hold any federal office, any civil or military commission, any office in another state, or any other office in Arkansas." |
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| The standard for residency is not affected by time out of the state due to civil or military service |
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| "...and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the United States twelve years next before the day of his election, and the last six years of that term an inhabitant of this State, unless he shall have been absent on public business of the United States or of this State." |
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| "The governor shall not hold any other office or employment of profit under the State or the United States during the governor's term of office." |
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| The governor may not hold any other state or federal office during his term |
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| No requirements set forth in the Constitution, however a law was passed in 2018 requiring gubernatorial candidates to be residents of the state and at least 18 years of age. |
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| During his/her tenure in office, a statewide elected official shall hold no other public office |
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| While in office, the governor may not hold any federal level office. |
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| No governor shall hold office in any other state or under the federal government, nor shall a sitting governor be elected to any legislative seat. Governors who accept any state or federal position or profit are considered to have vacated their seat. |
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| A candidate for the governor's office may not hold any congressional or federal office or any other state office. |
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| The age requirements do not apply to someone who succeeds to office under Section 8a of Article V. |
| The governor may not hold Congressional office, any other office under the Commonwealth, or any federal office. The exception is that the governor may be a reserve member of the National Guard. |
| Governors shall not be serving a sentence for, on probation for, or on parole for any felony. |
| The statute that a candidate for the governor must believe in the existence of the "Supreme Being" was declared unconstitutional by the South Carolina Supreme Court in 1996; although it has not been repealed, it is unenforceable. Furthermore, the Governor may not hold office or a commission under any other power, excepting that of a militia. |
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| The Governor... shall not hold any other office: civil, military or corporate; nor shall he practice any profession, and receive compensation, reward, fee, or the promise thereof for the same; nor receive any salary, reward or compensation or the promise thereof from any person or corporation, for any service rendered or performed during the time he is Governor, or to be thereafter rendered or performed. |
| Sitting Governors may not hold any federal office, any state office other than the governorship, or be elected to the United States Senate during his term. |
| Governors may not hold any legislative office or any other constitutional office. Excepting positions in military reserves, they also may not hold any office under the federal government. Nor is the governor eligible for any appointed position made by any branch of the Vermont government. |
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| Under Article IV, Section 10, no individual who has fought a duel with deadly weapons, sent a challenge for such a duel, or knowingly acted as a second in such a duel in West Virginia or in any other state may hold any office in West Virginia. |
| No gubernatorial may hold any office, honor or profit under any foreign power, nor
hold any federal office, be a convicted felon, or be convicted of any misdemeanor involving a violation of the public trust. |
| Any governor who asks for, receives, or agrees to receive a bribe automatically forfeits his office and his right to hold any other office in Wyoming upon his conviction. |
See also
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The flags and seals of governors of the U.S. states
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Gubernatorial lines of succession in the United States
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Governor and lieutenant governor (non-U.S.)
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List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States
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Mexican state governors
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Premier (Australia) similar position of state/territorial government in Australia
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Premier (Canada) similar position of provincial/territorial government in Canada
Footnotes
External links
